What is Alpha-gal Syndrome (AGS)?

Alpha-gal syndrome (AGS), often referred to as mammalian meat allergy, is a tick-induced allergy to galactose-α-1, 3-galactose (alpha-gal), a sugar molecule found in most mammals. This condition can trigger allergic reactions to a wide range of mammalian-derived products, including certain foods, medications, and additives. Unique to AGS is its delayed reaction time, with symptoms often appearing 3–6 hours after exposure. It is different from typical food allergies in the sense that it develops after a tick bite, and so no one is born with AGS.

AGS Symptoms and Triggers of AGS

AGS symptoms mirror those of other food allergies and can range from mild to severe and life-threatening. Common reactions include hives, gastrointestinal distress (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), and in severe cases, anaphylaxis. What sets AGS apart is the delayed onset of these symptoms, which can make diagnosis challenging. Like all food allergies, triggers can vary greatly from person to person; while some may only react to mammalian meat, others might be sensitive to dairy, gelatin, medications, leather goods, and even certain cosmetics containing mammal derivatives.

Who Diagnoses and Treats AGS?

Allergists and immunologists are the primary specialists for diagnosing and managing AGS. They provide essential services such as allergy testing, guidance on avoiding triggers, and personalized emergency action plans. Recent advancements have made AGS testing more accessible through providers like Labcorp and some primary care doctors.

Coping with Alpha-gal Syndrome

Living with AGS requires vigilance and adaptation. Identifying and understanding individual triggers is paramount. Strategies for managing AGS include thorough label reading, staying informed, and always having an emergency action plan with epinephrine on hand. Support from specialists and connecting with others in the AGS community can also provide invaluable assistance.

Is There a Cure for AGS?

Currently, there is no cure for Alpha-gal and this is a global condition happening around the world. Management focuses on avoidance and symptom control. Emerging treatments like Xolair (omalizumab), already used for food allergies, is being used and explored for AGS. Collaborating with an allergist is essential for developing a personalized management plan and for understanding how to manage potential anaphylaxis with epinephrine.

Resources for Learning More about Alpha-gal Syndrome

• Alpha-gal Information: Created by individuals with AGS, offering comprehensive resources.
• Alpha-Gal Foundation: A nonprofit supporting the AGS community through education and advocacy.
• Two Alpha Gals: Practical guidance for living with AGS and finding joy despite the challenges.
• Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE): Resources, research, and advocacy for various food allergies, including AGS.

By raising awareness and providing support, we can help those with AGS navigate their condition with confidence and resilience.

Frequently Asked Questions about Alpha-Gal Syndrome

1. How is AGS diagnosed?

Alpha-gal diagnosis involves a detailed medical history review, focusing on symptoms and potential tick exposure. Additionally, there is a blood test that can be done most places that will successfully detect specific antibodies to alpha-gal, confirming the diagnosis.

2. Which foods should commonly be avoided with AGS?

Individuals with AGS should avoid:

• Red meats (beef, pork, lamb)
• Organ meats
• Dairy products
• Gelatin

However, it can involve avoiding so much more than the above initial list! It’s essential to read labels carefully, as alpha-gal can be present in various processed foods, non-food products, additives, medications, and more.

It can be sneaky, ingredients like tallow (rendered fat from cows or sheep) are commonly used in soaps and skincare products. For example, common brands such as Dove have been known to include tallow in their formulations. Compounds like casein (milk protein), lanolin (sheep’s wool fat), and keratin (from animal hooves, hair, and horns) are frequently found in hair and skincare products. Stearic acid, derived from animal fats, is used in products like candles, detergents, and fabric softeners. Certain alcoholic beverages, such as beer and wine, may use isinglass (fish bladder) or gelatin during the clarification process. It’s been known that some chewing gums utilize stearic acid from animal fats as a softening agent, and things like art paintbrushes are sometimes made with animal hair, such as that from sable or hogs.

3. How can I prevent developing AGS?

Preventing tick bites before developing AGS is key. Recommendations include:

• Using tick repellents
• Wearing protective clothing
• Performing regular tick checks after outdoor activities
• Avoiding areas known for high tick populations

According to The Cleveland Clinic, prompt removal of ticks can reduce the risk of developing AGS.

4. Can I still consume poultry and seafood with AGS?

Typically yes, poultry (chicken, turkey) and seafood (fish, shellfish) do not contain alpha-gal and are generally safe for individuals with AGS. However, always monitor for individual sensitivities as well as additives in these foods that may be from mammalian meats.

5. Are there support resources for living with AGS?

Yes! Numerous online communities, support groups, and informational websites offer guidance and shared experiences for those managing AGS. Connecting with others can provide emotional support and practical tips. My first resource I suggest to people is Two Alpha Gals.

6. Can Alpha-gal Syndrome (AGS) affect medications or non-food items?

Yes, AGS can affect medications, gelatin-based capsules, and non-food items like leather and cosmetics that contain mammalian-derived ingredients. Always check the ingredients list for any mammalian-derived substances.

7. Can Alpha-gal Syndrome (AGS) develop at any age?

Yes, AGS can develop at any age, but happens after a tick bite. It has been reported in both children and adults, and it is most commonly diagnosed in individuals living in areas where ticks are prevalent.

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